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  • Volume 65, Issue 3

Contributions of homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological iron(II) oxidation in aeration and rapid sand filtration (RSF) in field sites

C. G. E. M. van Beek, J. Dusseldorp, K. Joris, K. Huysman, H. Leijssen, F. Schoonenberg Kegel, W. W. J. M. de Vet, S. van de Wetering, B. Hofs
Published May 2016, 65 (3) 195-207; DOI: 10.2166/aqua.2015.059
C. G. E. M. van Beek
KWR Watercycle Research Institute, PO Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, The Netherlands E-mail: Kees.van.Beek@kwrwater.nl
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J. Dusseldorp
Water utility Oasen, PO Box 122, Gouda 2800 AC, The Netherlands
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K. Joris
Water utility Pidpa, Desguinlei 246, Antwerp 2018, Belgium
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K. Huysman
Water utility Pidpa, Desguinlei 246, Antwerp 2018, Belgium
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H. Leijssen
Water utility Vitens, PO Box 1205, Zwolle 8001 BE, The Netherlands
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F. Schoonenberg Kegel
Water utility Vitens, PO Box 1205, Zwolle 8001 BE, The Netherlands
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W. W. J. M. de Vet
Water utility Oasen, PO Box 122, Gouda 2800 AC, The NetherlandsNow at water utility WML, PO Box 1060, Maastricht 6201 BB, The Netherlands
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S. van de Wetering
Water utility Brabant Water, PO Box 1068, BC's-Hertogenbosch 5200, The Netherlands
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B. Hofs
KWR Watercycle Research Institute, PO Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, The Netherlands E-mail: Kees.van.Beek@kwrwater.nl
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Abstract

In groundwater treatment, after aeration, iron(II) is precipitated in rapid sand filtration (RSF) by homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological oxidation. The contribution of homogeneous iron(II) oxidation may be calculated from equations and constants available in the literature. Heterogeneous iron(II) oxidation produces hydrous ferric oxides coated filter sand, resulting in a growing filter bed height, from which the contribution of heterogeneous iron(II) oxidation may be estimated. The complement is contributed by biological iron(II) oxidation. At present this contribution may also be estimated by Gallionella spp. counts by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Based on field data of drinking water treatment plants from the Netherlands and Belgium, it appears that at pH ≈ 7.5 biological iron(II) oxidation is the main iron(II) removal process. At higher pH homogeneous iron(II) oxidation becomes dominant, while at lower pH heterogeneous iron(II) oxidation delivers a relevant contribution. The distribution of these oxidation processes is influenced by RSF operation such as presence of supernatant water, wet or dry (trickle) filtration, oxygen concentration, filter velocity, etc. Experience shows that the distribution between these three iron(II) oxidation processes may change over time. These results are important for RSF operation, iron sludge production, and fields like chemical well clogging.

  • aeration
  • drinking water
  • heterogeneous and biological iron(II) oxidation
  • homogeneous
  • rapid sand filtration (RSF)
  • First received 23 April 2015.
  • Accepted in revised form 14 November 2015.
  • © IWA Publishing 2016
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Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - Aqua: 67 (2)
  Volume 65, Issue 3

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Contributions of homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological iron(II) oxidation in aeration and rapid sand filtration (RSF) in field sites
C. G. E. M. van Beek, J. Dusseldorp, K. Joris, K. Huysman, H. Leijssen, F. Schoonenberg Kegel, W. W. J. M. de Vet, S. van de Wetering, B. Hofs
Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - Aqua May 2016, 65 (3) 195-207; DOI: 10.2166/aqua.2015.059
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Contributions of homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological iron(II) oxidation in aeration and rapid sand filtration (RSF) in field sites
C. G. E. M. van Beek, J. Dusseldorp, K. Joris, K. Huysman, H. Leijssen, F. Schoonenberg Kegel, W. W. J. M. de Vet, S. van de Wetering, B. Hofs
Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - Aqua May 2016, 65 (3) 195-207; DOI: 10.2166/aqua.2015.059

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Keywords

aeration
drinking water
heterogeneous and biological iron(II) oxidation
homogeneous
rapid sand filtration (RSF)
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